Addis Ababa Declaration between The Coordination Body of the Democratic Civil Forces (Taqaddum) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF)

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Country/entity: Sudan
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Addis Ababa Declaration between The Coordination Body of the Democratic Civil Forces (Taqaddum) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF)
Date: 2 Jan 2024
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )
Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Sudan Transition Process
Parties: Dr. Abdullah Hamdok, The Coordination Body of the Democratic Civil Forces (Taqaddum)

General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, Rapid Support Forces (RSF)
Third parties: International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

UN Human Rights Council

Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
Description: The Coordination of Democratic Forces (Taqaddum) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) issued a declaration committing to work towards a ceasefire and an end to the conflict between the RSF and the Sudanese Armed Forces, along with several other commitments. These include, inter alia, a proposal to establish a National Committee for the Protection of Civilians, the release of 451 prisoners by the RSF, and a vision for a rebuilt security sector.

Agreement document: SD_240102_Addis_Ababa_Declaration (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): SD_240102_Addis_Ababa_Declaration [Arabic] (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Rhetorical
Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
...
4. Create an enabling atmosphere for the return of citizens to their homes in the areas affected by war (Khartoum, Darfur, Kordofan, Gezira), by providing security through the deployment of police forces in civilian areas, reopening of service and production
...
It shall undertake monitoring of the civilians’ return to their homes, ensure the operation of service and production facilities, and work to mobilize internal and external resources to provide the humanitarian needs of civilians.
Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Substantive
Based on the above, the two parties agreed to the following:
...
Mechanisms:
1. The National Committee for the Protection of Civilians is responsible for monitoring the return of citizens to their homes, ensuring the operation of markets, hospitals, and service facilities, and determining safe transit routes for humanitarian aid and ensuring its delivery.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Preamble
Believing that the April 15 war is the last feat in a series of failed attempts to reverse the path of the December Revolution and that it is a reflection and culmination of an ongoing failure in formulating adequate consensus on a national renaissance project that would move the Sudanese from political and social division to unity, from economic and security deterioration to development and stability;
...
and to complete and deepen the course of the December Revolution, by achieving the well-deserved democratic civil rule, equal citizenship, just distribution of power and wealth, economic prosperity, solid peace, and sustainable solutions to Sudan’s crises.
...
Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
1. The unity of Sudan’s people and territory and its sovereignty over its land and resources.
...
7. The state must be non-aligned, stand at the same distance from religions, identities and cultures, recognize diversity and pluralism, and express all its components fairly.
8. Rebuild the state’s civil institutions to ensure efficiency, professionalism, national inclusivity, and equal opportunities among all Sudanese in accordance with the population census with positive discrimination.
State configuration: Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
...
3. The government in Sudan shall be federal, civil and democratic, in which people choose who will rule them through free and fair elections and in appropriate political, security and constitutional conditions.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→General references
Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
...
5. Establish civil administrations, with the consensus of the populations affected by war, that ensure the return to normal and provide for the basic needs of the civilians.
...
Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
...
They shall provide the guarantees required for the establishment of a government that works to complete the tasks of transition;
constitutional and political establishment;
undertake administrative, financial and economic reforms, and tackle the impact the war and rebuild the country.
...
8. Rebuild the state’s civil institutions to ensure efficiency, professionalism, national inclusivity, and equal opportunities among all Sudanese in accordance with the population census with positive discrimination.
Political reform shall be carried out to ensure democratic civil institutions, particularly political institutions.
Based on the above, the two parties agreed to the following:
...
3. Ensure civilian leadership of the political process, with a commitment to broad participation that excludes only the National Congress Party (NCP)/Islamic Movement and their front organizations, and the need to represent the civilians in the upcoming Djibouti meeting, arranged by the IGAD between the leaders of RSF and the SAF and involve civilians in all arrangements designed to end the war.
Elections: Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
...
3. The government in Sudan shall be federal, civil and democratic, in which people choose who will rule them through free and fair elections and in appropriate political, security and constitutional conditions.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
...
2. The RSF agreed, at the request of Taqaddam, and as a gesture of good faith, to release 451 prisoners of war through the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
3. The RSF have pledged to open safe corridors in the areas under their control for humanitarian aid and to provide the necessary guarantees to facilitate the work of humanitarian organizations and protect relief workers.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
...
5. Establish civil administrations, with the consensus of the populations affected by war, that ensure the return to normal and provide for the basic needs of the civilians.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Equality
Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
...
2. Equal citizenship is the basis of constitutional rights and duties and that the unity of Sudan is based on the recognition and respect of Sudanese diversity and pluralism.
...
8. Rebuild the state’s civil institutions to ensure efficiency, professionalism, national inclusivity, and equal opportunities among all Sudanese in accordance with the population census with positive discrimination.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
...
These programs shall ensure the exit of the security system (SAF, RSF, police and Intelligence Service) from political and economic activity and their acceptance of the above-mentioned principles, and pledge to support the democratic civil transition processes and work to sustain and stabilize the democratic system.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
...
3. The RSF have pledged to open safe corridors in the areas under their control for humanitarian aid and to provide the necessary guarantees to facilitate the work of humanitarian organizations and protect relief workers.
...
Based on the above, the two parties agreed to the following:
...
Mechanisms:
1. The National Committee for the Protection of Civilians is responsible for monitoring the return of citizens to their homes, ensuring the operation of markets, hospitals, and service facilities, and determining safe transit routes for humanitarian aid and ensuring its delivery.
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of civilians
Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
...
Taqaddum is working towards reaching the commitment to the same procedures by SAF with the aim of achieving a cessation of hostilities agreement binding to both parties and implemented under national, regional and international oversight that verifies on the ground the commitment to the cessation of hostilities and protection of civilians.
...
4. Create an enabling atmosphere for the return of citizens to their homes in the areas affected by war (Khartoum, Darfur, Kordofan, Gezira), by providing security through the deployment of police forces in civilian areas, reopening of service and production
...
6. Form the National Committee for the Protection of Civilians from national figures supportive of ending the war.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Humanitarian assistance
Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
...
3. The RSF have pledged to open safe corridors in the areas under their control for humanitarian aid and to provide the necessary guarantees to facilitate the work of humanitarian organizations and protect relief workers.
...
It shall undertake monitoring of the civilians’ return to their homes, ensure the operation of service and production facilities, and work to mobilize internal and external resources to provide the humanitarian needs of civilians.
...
Based on the above, the two parties agreed to the following:
...
Mechanisms:
1. The National Committee for the Protection of Civilians is responsible for monitoring the return of citizens to their homes, ensuring the operation of markets, hospitals, and service facilities, and determining safe transit routes for humanitarian aid and ensuring its delivery.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
...
4. Create an enabling atmosphere for the return of citizens to their homes in the areas affected by war (Khartoum, Darfur, Kordofan, Gezira), by providing security through the deployment of police forces in civilian areas, reopening of service and production
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→General commitments
Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
1. RSF expresses its readiness to immediately and unconditionally cease hostilities through direct negotiations with the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF).
Taqaddum is working towards reaching the commitment to the same procedures by SAF with the aim of achieving a cessation of hostilities agreement binding to both parties and implemented under national, regional and international oversight that verifies on the ground the commitment to the cessation of hostilities and protection of civilians.
Police: Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
...
4. Create an enabling atmosphere for the return of citizens to their homes in the areas affected by war (Khartoum, Darfur, Kordofan, Gezira), by providing security through the deployment of police forces in civilian areas, reopening of service and production
...
Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
...
These programs shall ensure the exit of the security system (SAF, RSF, police and Intelligence Service) from political and economic activity and their acceptance of the above-mentioned principles, and pledge to support the democratic civil transition processes and work to sustain and stabilize the democratic system.
Armed forces: Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
...
Such programs shall begin by interacting positively with the currently existing institutions provided that they lead to reaching a single professional and national army that reflects all Sudanese according to the population The army shall be subject to civil authority and be aware of its duties and tasks in accordance with the constitution, to put an end to the phenomenon of multiple armies (SAF, RSF, armed movements and militias) that operate outside the framework of a single national professional army.
These programs shall ensure the exit of the security system (SAF, RSF, police and Intelligence Service) from political and economic activity and their acceptance of the above-mentioned principles, and pledge to support the democratic civil transition processes and work to sustain and stabilize the democratic system.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
...
These programs shall ensure the exit of the security system (SAF, RSF, police and Intelligence Service) from political and economic activity and their acceptance of the above-mentioned principles, and pledge to support the democratic civil transition processes and work to sustain and stabilize the democratic system.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
1. RSF expresses its readiness to immediately and unconditionally cease hostilities through direct negotiations with the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF).
...
2. The RSF agreed, at the request of Taqaddam, and as a gesture of good faith, to release 451 prisoners of war through the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
3. The RSF have pledged to open safe corridors in the areas under their control for humanitarian aid and to provide the necessary guarantees to facilitate the work of humanitarian organizations and protect relief workers.
...
Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
...
These programs shall ensure the exit of the security system (SAF, RSF, police and Intelligence Service) from political and economic activity and their acceptance of the above-mentioned principles, and pledge to support the democratic civil transition processes and work to sustain and stabilize the democratic system.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
...
6. Launch a comprehensive transitional justice process that reveals the crimes, brings justice to victims, provides reparations, and holds perpetrators accountable to end impunity.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
...
7. Full cooperation with the Fact-finding Mission of the UN Human Rights Council to ensure revealing the truth, remedy to victims and taking perpetrators accountable.
8. Form a credible, independent national committee to monitor all violations across Sudan and identify the perpetrators in a way that ensures accountability.
9. Form a credible committee to uncover the facts about who started the war.
Prisoner release: Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
...
2. The RSF agreed, at the request of Taqaddam, and as a gesture of good faith, to release 451 prisoners of war through the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:
...
7. Full cooperation with the Fact-finding Mission of the UN Human Rights Council to ensure revealing the truth, remedy to victims and taking perpetrators accountable.
...
Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
...
6. Launch a comprehensive transitional justice process that reveals the crimes, brings justice to victims, provides reparations, and holds perpetrators accountable to end impunity.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: Transitional justice→Reparations→Material reparations
Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state
After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:
...
6. Launch a comprehensive transitional justice process that reveals the crimes, brings justice to victims, provides reparations, and holds perpetrators accountable to end impunity.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: No specific mention.

Addis Ababa Declaration between The Coordination Body of the Democratic Civil Forces (Taqaddum) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF)

January 2, 2024

Preamble

Believing that the April 15 war is the last feat in a series of failed attempts to reverse the path of the December Revolution and that it is a reflection and culmination of an ongoing failure in formulating adequate consensus on a national renaissance project that would move the Sudanese from political and social division to unity, from economic and security deterioration to development and stability;

In recognition of the high human cost of the war, its scourges and torments;

the horrific violations committed against civilians, including killing, plundering, looting, assault, and destruction of infrastructure;

the deepening of social and regional divisions, which harm our country and threaten the nation’s survival and cohesion and severely affect its ability to address the root causes of wars and conflicts in Sudan;

Acknowledging that communication and political dialogue between all civil forces, who truly believe in democratic transformation, and the leaders of the warring military forces, is inevitable to stop the war, tackle its devastating impact, realize peace, and restore the path of democratic transformation;

We, in Taqaddum and RSF, have determined to end this war and make it the last war in Sudan;

and to complete and deepen the course of the December Revolution, by achieving the well-deserved democratic civil rule, equal citizenship, just distribution of power and wealth, economic prosperity, solid peace, and sustainable solutions to Sudan’s crises.

We have agreed on the following:

First:

Issues of ending hostilities, delivery of humanitarian aid, and protection of civilians:

1. RSF expresses its readiness to immediately and unconditionally cease hostilities through direct negotiations with the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF).

Taqaddum is working towards reaching the commitment to the same procedures by SAF with the aim of achieving a cessation of hostilities agreement binding to both parties and implemented under national, regional and international oversight that verifies on the ground the commitment to the cessation of hostilities and protection of civilians.

2. The RSF agreed, at the request of Taqaddam, and as a gesture of good faith, to release 451 prisoners of war through the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

3. The RSF have pledged to open safe corridors in the areas under their control for humanitarian aid and to provide the necessary guarantees to facilitate the work of humanitarian organizations and protect relief workers.

4. Create an enabling atmosphere for the return of citizens to their homes in the areas affected by war (Khartoum, Darfur, Kordofan, Gezira), by providing security through the deployment of police forces in civilian areas, reopening of service and production

5. Establish civil administrations, with the consensus of the populations affected by war, that ensure the return to normal and provide for the basic needs of the civilians.

6. Form the National Committee for the Protection of Civilians from national figures supportive of ending the war.

It shall undertake monitoring of the civilians’ return to their homes, ensure the operation of service and production facilities, and work to mobilize internal and external resources to provide the humanitarian needs of civilians.

7. Full cooperation with the Fact-finding Mission of the UN Human Rights Council to ensure revealing the truth, remedy to victims and taking perpetrators accountable.

8. Form a credible, independent national committee to monitor all violations across Sudan and identify the perpetrators in a way that ensures accountability.

9. Form a credible committee to uncover the facts about who started the war.

Second:

Issues of ending the war and re-establishing the Sudanese state

After an extensive discussion, both parties agreed that ending the war and building sustainable peace must be based on the following foundations:

1. The unity of Sudan’s people and territory and its sovereignty over its land and resources.

2. Equal citizenship is the basis of constitutional rights and duties and that the unity of Sudan is based on the recognition and respect of Sudanese diversity and pluralism.

3. The government in Sudan shall be federal, civil and democratic, in which people choose who will rule them through free and fair elections and in appropriate political, security and constitutional conditions.

4. The security sector is one of the important pillars of the modern state.

Therefore, comprehensive programs must be implemented to rebuild the security sector in accordance with internationally recognized standards.

Such programs shall begin by interacting positively with the currently existing institutions provided that they lead to reaching a single professional and national army that reflects all Sudanese according to the population The army shall be subject to civil authority and be aware of its duties and tasks in accordance with the constitution, to put an end to the phenomenon of multiple armies (SAF, RSF, armed movements and militias) that operate outside the framework of a single national professional army.

These programs shall ensure the exit of the security system (SAF, RSF, police and Intelligence Service) from political and economic activity and their acceptance of the above-mentioned principles, and pledge to support the democratic civil transition processes and work to sustain and stabilize the democratic system.

They shall provide the guarantees required for the establishment of a government that works to complete the tasks of transition;

constitutional and political establishment;

undertake administrative, financial and economic reforms, and tackle the impact the war and rebuild the country.

5. Dismantle the June 30 regime in civil and military state.

6. Launch a comprehensive transitional justice process that reveals the crimes, brings justice to victims, provides reparations, and holds perpetrators accountable to end impunity.

A campaign to combat hate speech and achieve national recovery shall be designed and implemented.

7. The state must be non-aligned, stand at the same distance from religions, identities and cultures, recognize diversity and pluralism, and express all its components fairly.

8. Rebuild the state’s civil institutions to ensure efficiency, professionalism, national inclusivity, and equal opportunities among all Sudanese in accordance with the population census with positive discrimination.

Political reform shall be carried out to ensure democratic civil institutions, particularly political institutions.

Based on the above, the two parties agreed to the following:

1. The draft road map and declaration of principles constitute a good basis for the political process that ends the war and establishes the Sudanese state.

2. Form a joint committee to stop and end the war, build sustainable peace, and follow up on the implementation of what was agreed upon in this declaration.

3. Ensure civilian leadership of the political process, with a commitment to broad participation that excludes only the National Congress Party (NCP)/Islamic Movement and their front organizations, and the need to represent the civilians in the upcoming Djibouti meeting, arranged by the IGAD between the leaders of RSF and the SAF and involve civilians in all arrangements designed to end the war.

4. The understandings contained in this declaration will be presented by Taqadum to SAF leadership to form a basis for reaching a peaceful solution that ends the war.

Third:

Mechanisms:

1. The National Committee for the Protection of Civilians is responsible for monitoring the return of citizens to their homes, ensuring the operation of markets, hospitals, and service facilities, and determining safe transit routes for humanitarian aid and ensuring its delivery.

2. The Joint Committee to reach an end to the war, build sustainable peace, and follow up on the implementation of this declaration.

3. The International-National Commission to investigate who started the war.

4. The Independent-National Committee monitors all violations across Sudan and identifies perpetrators in a way that ensures their accountability.

General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, RSF Dr Abdullah Hamdok, Taqaddum

Addis Ababa Declaration between The Coordination Body of the Democratic Civil Forces (Taqaddum) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF)

Groups

Gender

State definition

Governance

Power sharing

Human rights and equality

Rights related issues

Rights institutions

Justice sector reform

Socio-economic reconstruction

Land, property and environment

Security sector

Transitional justice

Implementation

Source agreement