Libya: Timeline of Institutional Change
Peace Agreements, Local Agreements, Constitutional Events, Amnesties, Elections and Coup d'etats in Libya since 1990.
Interactive timeline of peace or transition agreements, coup d’états, amnesties, elections and constitutional events since 1990.
Implementation Agreement: Agreement between the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahariya and the Rep of Chad concerning the practical modalitities for the implementation of the Judgment delivered by the International Court of Justice on 3 February 1994
April 4, 1994
In April 1994 an interstate agreement was signed, in Chad/Libya, at the implementation stage of the Chad-Libya border peace process. Provided for the withdrawal of Libya from Aouzou, supervised by a joint team, and observed by the UN. Provided for mine disposal, future delimitation of borders, and work towards strengthening bilateral relations. Sets out implementation modalities and timeframe for Libyan withdrawal from Aouzou Strip
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Interim Constitution introduced: Libya 2011
March 8, 2011
In 2011 there was an interim constitution introduced, to replace the Constitution previously in place. The Interim Traitional National Council promulgated the Cotitutional Declaration as a traitional document until such time as a permanent constitution is ratified by referendum.
View more on this constitution on:
- The Constitute website
- Full-text PDF
- Constitutes page for Libya
Framework-substantive, comprehensive Agreement: Draft Constitutional Charter for the Transitional Stage: The Constitutional Declaration
August 3, 2011
In August 2011 an intrastate agreement was signed, in Libya, at the framework-substantive, comprehensive stage of the Libyan transitional process. Constitutional declaration laying out a roadmap for the establishment of a constitutional government, places the Interim Transitional Council as the central political body until Tripoli is liberated, after which it will establish itself there and form an interim government which will provide the framework for the election of a National Public Conference. The document also provides a wide scope of rights to citizens.
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Amendment to Libya 2011 Constitution (rev. 2012)
March 8, 2012
In 2012 there was amendments made to the 2011 Constitution. The Interim Traitional National Council promulgated the Cotitutional Declaration as a traitional document until such time as a permanent constitution is ratified by referendum.
View more on this constitution on:
- The Constitute website
- Full-text PDF
- Constitutes page for Libya
Local Peace Agreement: Pre-negotiation - Final Communique: Comprehensive Dialogue for Calm and Peace in the Nafusa Mountains
March 19, 2015
In March 2015 a local agreement was signed in Nafusa Mountains at the pre-negotiation stage of the Libyan local processes. Communique provides for the return of IDPs; lifting of social protection of criminals; return of security institutions; allowing humanitarian aid and promoting a culture of tolerance; working to spare the cities and areas of Nafusa mountains and reaching out to other tribes and assigning responsibilities among them; creating an implementation mechanism; and supporting the municipalities and crisis committees in pushing forward solutions.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Statement by the Martyrs Brigade in Zawiyat al-Mahjoub regarding the ceasefire agreement in Aziziyyah and the latest developments in and near Tripoli
April 26, 2015
In April 2015 a local agreement was signed in al-Aziziyyah at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan local processes. Unilateral statement by the Martyrs Brigade of Zawiyat al-Mahjoub agreeing to the Aziziyyah Ceasefire as part of the choreography of documents.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Agreement to stop the bloodshed and open the door to dialogue in the Western Region
June 16, 2015
In June 2015 a local agreement was signed in Western Region at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan local processes. 9-point agreement providing for: (1) ceasefire; (2) ending media campaigns; (3) allowing persons from other sides enter towns unmolested and that their lands will not be used for staging attacks against other parties; (4) prisoner release; (5) the activation of security forces in all areas coved by the agreement, opening of roads, movement of goods and people; (6) to allow citizens to use the courts to protect their rights; (7) form a committee to solve problems in the community; (8) that entities in other areas will not be contacted except through official channels; (9) code of conduct between parties.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Pledge of Agreement and Peaceful Coexistence Between Zintan and Zuwara
June 29, 2015
In June 2015 a local agreement was signed in Zintan, Zuwara at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan local processes. Agreement primarily deals with criminal justice and delimitation of rule of law between the two groups, prohibiting interference into each others affairs. Further provisions deal with (1) ending hostile media; (2) securing roads; (3) withdrawal of Zintan from Zuwara.
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Pre-negotiation Agreement: Statement by Libya Dialogue Participants, Skhirat, Morocco
July 2, 2015
In July 2015 an intrastate agreement was signed, in Libya, at the pre-negotiation stage of the Libyan peace process. Short signed statement from the Libyan Dialogue participants calling for unity among those participating, particularly (but not explicitly) aimed at the GNC based in Tripoli, whose participants were unhappy with the arrangement and did not sign the following national agreement.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Minutes of the Disengagement Agreement and Truce between the areas of Warshafānah and al-Zāwiyyah
November 12, 2015
In November 2015 a local agreement was signed in at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan local processes. Short truce agreement between warring parties near the Libyan capital, Tripoli, that provides for a ceasefire, exchange of prisoners, the establishment of a joint commission to solve the dispute over the Coastal Road and other common issues including the relocation of dissapeared/missing persons, a cessation of use of the media for hostile propaganda and a cessation of arresting individuals based on their identity.
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Framework-substantive, comprehensive Agreement: Libyan Political Agreement (Sukhairat Agreement)
December 17, 2015
In December 2015 an intrastate agreement was signed, in Libya, at the framework-substantive, comprehensive stage of the Libyan peace process. The Agreement is to initiate peace talks between the Tripoli-based General National Congress, the Tobruk-based House of Representatives and the original transitional body, the National Transitional Council. The majority of participants signed the agreement in July 2015 except the GNC, who finally signed a revised agreement in December 2015. Agreement touches on Governing Principles; the creation of a Government of National Accord including the creation of a House of Representatives; a high Council of State; Confidence Building Measures; Security Arrangements; Constitutional Process; the creation of Institutions and Councils; Arrangement for International Support. Differences between the July and December agreements include an increase of Deputy Prime Ministers and a decrease in the number of members of the House of Representatives as well as the means of breaking deadlocks and the removal of Article 23 and 68 from the July document and the inclusion of Article 66 in the December document. It is the December agreement that is coded.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Draft agreement of Western Tribal elders on the battle of al-Zawiyya
January 31, 2016
In January 2016 a local agreement was signed in al-Zawiyyah at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan local processes. Short ceasefire agreement calling for a ceasefire and the handover of wanted persons according to law (of the lifting of social cover of those persons). The copy of the agreement is not signed, nonetheless it states that the points were agreed.
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Local Peace Agreement: Pre-negotiation - Humanitarian Appeal for Benghazi
March 16, 2016
In March 2016 a local agreement was signed in Benghazi at the pre-negotiation stage of the Libyan local processes. A Pre-pre-negotiation document establishing a common position among Civil Society Organisations in Benghazi, highlighting the importance of adhering to International Law, acquiring humanitarian aid for those in need, urging the importance of the right of return for Internally Displaced Persons; and working within the confines of Islam, among other matters.
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Local Peace Agreement: Pre-negotiation - Joint declaration of the representatives of Touareg and Tebou tribes in 4 points supporting the Presidency Council of the Government of National Agreement which recently took office in Tripoli
April 21, 2016
In April 2016 a local agreement was signed in at the pre-negotiation stage of the Libyan peace process. Four point agreement between Tuareg and Tebu representatives announcing their support of the Government of National Accord set up by the Libyan Political Agreement.
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Local Peace Agreement: Pre-negotiation - Fezzan Humanitarian Agreement
June 16, 2016
In June 2016 a local agreement was signed in Fezzan at the pre-negotiation stage of the Libyan local processes. Agreement underscores the need to secure access for humanitarian aid, particularly to health centers in eight cities, and leverages this need as a confidence building measure between signatories. Mediated by the Community of Sant’Egidio.
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Local Peace Agreement: Framework-substantive, partial - Minutes of Misrata-Tawagha Agreement on the Return of Displaced Persons and Compensation for those Affected
August 31, 2016
In August 2016 a local agreement was signed in Misrata, Tawergha at the framework-substantive, partial stage of the Libyan local processes. Agreement providing for comprehensive reparation and reconciliation between Tawagha and Misrata, organised by local councils and underwritten by the state.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Accord and Peaceful Coexistence Document Between the Al Qadhadhfa Tribe and the Awlad Sulayman Tribe
December 4, 2016
In December 2016 a local agreement was signed in at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan local processes. 12 point agreement providing for a ceasefire, the hand over and lifting of social protection of transgressors, stating that punishment is reserved for the individual; removing roadblocks and ending the practice of tinting car windows; withdrawing from seized locations and militias promising not to involve themselves into tribal disputes; the Conflict Resolution Committee is responsible for implementation and dispute resolution.
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Implementation Agreement: Consultation Meeting for the Libyan Political Dialogue (Hammamet Agreement)
January 24, 2017
In January 2017 an intrastate agreement was signed, in Libya, at the implementation stage of the Libyan peace process. Six point agreement identifying the issues to implementing the Libyan Political Agreement of 17/12/15. These issues include: the structure of the Presidential Council, who will be president of the Government of National Accord; the post of the Supreme commander of the Army; the implementation of Art. 16-17 of the LPA by the House of Representatives; broadening the membership of the State Council; ending the formulation of the draft constitution.
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Local Peace Agreement: Framework-substantive, partial - Agreement of Social Honour for the Tribes of Tarhūnah, and the Tribes of Ghriyān, Mashāshiyyah, al-Qal’ah, Yafrin, Jādū, Kābāw, Nālūt and Wāzin
February 8, 2017
In February 2017 a local agreement was signed in Tarhūnah, Ghriyān, Mashāshiyyah, al-Qal’ah, Yafrin, Jādū, Kābāw, Nālūt, Wāzin at the framework-substantive, partial stage of the Libyan local processes. Social contract agreement between nine Libyan tribes rejecting religious extremism and violence. Agreement consolidates common principles including common beliefs (Islam), rejection of violence, establishing a committee of Sheikhs, condemning the imprisoning of migrants on their way to Europe, and so forth.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Points of Initial Agreement (Abu Salim Ceasefire)
February 25, 2017
In February 2017 a local agreement was signed in Abu Salim Military Prison at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan local processes. Short agreement mediated by local council in collaboration with Central Libyan actors regarding a ceasefire between two competing quasi-state armed groups. Agreement provides for the creation of a line of separation between the groups, managed by a force loyal to the Ministry of Defence (belonging to the Government of National Accord).
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Statement on the Current Events in the Capital Tripoli
March 15, 2017
In March 2017 a local agreement was signed in Tripoli at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan peace process. Ceasefire agreement between rival factions in Tripoli. The agreement itself is backed by the Government of National Assembly in Tripoli. Agreement calls for an immediate ceasefire, and assigns various Brigades loyal to the Ministry of Defence to secure the city. An implementation committee is formed consisting of of the two Ministries of Interior and Defence within 30 days.
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Local Peace Agreement: Framework-substantive, partial - Reconciliation Agreement between Tebu and Awlad Sulaymen
March 29, 2017
In March 2017 a local agreement was signed in Sabha at the framework-substantive, partial stage of the Libyan local processes. Reconciliation agreement underwritten by Italy providing for reparations, the departure of armed groups, the right to work in public services, the opening of Sabha Airport, and the lifting of social protection of wanted persons.
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Local Peace Agreement: Framework-substantive, partial - Reconciliation Agreement between the Zintan and Mashashiyya Tribes
May 18, 2017
In May 2017 a local agreement was signed in al-‘Awiniyya, ‘Umur, Zawiyya at the framework-substantive, partial stage of the Libyan local processes. Agreement made between tribal parties, elders and reconciliation council regarding refugee return to and from specified locations; the removal of armed groups; the opening of roads; the hand over of wanted persons in accordance with law. In addition, the agreement specified the tasks of the Reconciliation Council, including missing persons, trial, investigation into misdeeds and 'blood'. The agreement is considered violated if one party allies themselves with another third party for the purpose of attacking the other party to this agreement.
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Local Peace Agreement: Framework-substantive, partial - Final Agreement between Zintan and Mashashiyya
May 18, 2017
In May 2017 a local agreement was signed in al-Awinah, Awmar, Zawiyyah al-Baqoul, Mizdah at the framework-substantive, partial stage of the Libyan local processes. Agreement addresses the areas of al-Awinah, Awmar, Zawiyyah, al-Baqoul, and Mizdah between multiple tribes. Agreement provides for: (1) displaced persons; (2) opening and securing roads; (3) lifting of social cover; (4) reparation and reconstruction; (5) end of property conflicts by law; (6) investigation into killings and missing persons.
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Pre-negotiation Agreement: Joint Declaration (Paris)
July 15, 2017
In July 2017 an intrastate agreement was signed, in Libya, at the pre-negotiation stage of the Libyan peace process. 10 point agreement between Fayez al-Sarraj of the UN-backed Government of National Accord and Khalifa Haftar of the militia, the Libyan National Army, mediated by French President Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron. Agreement is a ceasefire/pre-negotiation agreement aimed at providing a cessation of hostilities, elections as well as minimal DDR, and carrying on negotiations between the parties.
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Local Peace Agreement: Framework-substantive, partial - Statement of the Fezzan Forum for Libya
February 20, 2018
In February 2018 a local agreement was signed in Fezzan at the framework-substantive, partial stage of the Libyan local processes. Statement emphasises (1) the lack of state presence in the region; (2) affirming the unity of Libya and its institutions; (3) provision of transitional justice and provision of rights; (4) ending illegal migration; (5) inclusion of Fezzan into the state; (6) lifting of social cover; (7) development; (8) retention of some of the goods of natural resource extraction; (9) addressing prisoner conditions; (10) a general amnesty.
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Local Peace Agreement: Pre-negotiation - Reconciliation Charter between Tebu and Zway Tribes from Kufra
February 20, 2018
In February 2018 a local agreement was signed in Kufra at the pre-negotiation stage of the Libyan local processes. Agreement sets out key principles for reconciliation that include freedom of movement, individual accountability for crimes, and equal access to services without discrimination.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Statement from The Supreme Council of the Tribes and Cities of Fezzan calling for a Ceasefire
April 7, 2018
In April 2018 a local agreement was signed in Fezzan at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan local processes. Statement calling for a ceasefire and the opening of roads, sparing government buildings from combat damage; forming working committees; dissolve all armed formations; calling on the return of security institutions in the south; calling upon southern politicians working in state institutions outside of Fezzan to return to help solve the crisis.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Statement by the Council of Tebu Tribes to Coordinate and End the Crisis in Sabha
April 9, 2018
In April 2018 a local agreement was signed in Fezzan at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan local processes. Unilateral ceasefire statement by the Tebu Council to Coordinate and End the Crisis in Sabha, issued in response to a call for a ceasefire by the Supreme Council for the Tribes and Villages of Fezzan. Calls for the opening of a the Agricultural Rd, and a ceasefire with the right to self-defence.
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Local Peace Agreement: Framework-substantive, partial - Closing statement from the reconciliation meeting between Zintan and Zawiyya
April 17, 2018
In April 2018 a local agreement was signed in Zintan, Zawiyah at the framework-substantive, partial stage of the Libyan local processes. 8-point agreement of principles agreeing to (1) unity of Libya, (2) sanctity of Libyan blood and working toward ending conflict, (3) national reconciliation; (4) fighting against extremism and organised crime; (5) unifying the security institutions; (6) forming a joint committee between the two cities; (7) unifying views on forming a single unity government; (8) returning IDPs.
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Local Peace Agreement: Framework-substantive, partial - Pledge and Reconciliation Charter Between the Cities of Misrata and Zintan
April 26, 2018
In April 2018 a local agreement was signed in Misrata, Zintan at the framework-substantive, partial stage of the Libyan local processes. 18 point agreement between the towns of Zintan and Misrata ending over 4 years of conflict. The Agreement provides for the unity of Libya; equality in citizenship; an end to clashes; mutual respect; and end to media hostilities; respect for property, freedom of movement and the facilitation of trade; begin exchange of knowledge between public servants; ending the political crisis.
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Local Peace Agreement: Framework-substantive, partial - Pledge of Reconciliation Between the Cities of Zawiyyah and al-Zintan
May 10, 2018
In May 2018 a local agreement was signed in al-Zawiyyah, al-Zintan at the framework-substantive, partial stage of the Libyan local processes. 15-point agreement iterates reconciliation and multiple principles of the Libyan state based on the constitutional declaration of 2011. In addition, agreement provides for (1) security sector reform; (2) return of IDPs; (3) end to crime and smuggling; (4) placing qualified individuals in positions of power; (5) right to free movement, property and trade.
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Local Peace Agreement: Pre-negotiation - Agreement for Peaceful Coexistence [between Tebu and Awlad Sulayman in Sabha]
May 13, 2018
In May 2018 a local agreement was signed in Hajarah at the pre-negotiation stage of the Libyan local processes. Short agreement providing for a cessation of hostilities on individuals, homes, or property; that transgressors are not protected socially and are individually responsible for their actions; forming a committee to monitor implementation.
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Pre-negotiation Agreement: Political Statement on the Matter of Libya
May 29, 2018
In May 2018 an intrastate agreement was signed, in Libya, at the pre-negotiation stage of the Libyan peace process. Agreement between the main conflict parties providing for elections to be held with support from UNSMIL. Agreement also provides for some security sector reform.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Sabha Ceasefire Statement
July 5, 2018
In July 2018 a local agreement was signed in Sabha at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan local processes. Part of a choreography of statements between the Supreme Council of Fezzan and the Tebu Council. The first call was on 07/04/2018 and responded to two days later. This statement renews the April ceasefire.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Ceasefire Agreement (Zawiyya Agreement)
September 4, 2018
In September 2018 a local agreement was signed in Tripoli at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan peace process. Seven-point ceasefire providing for an end to hostilities and any action potentially interpreted as hostile; avoidance of civilian and collateral damage, and reopening of Mitiga Airport and roads out of Tripoli.
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Local Peace Agreement: Framework-substantive, partial - Pledge of Reconciliation and Cooperation between the Family and Friends in the Area of Tajoura and Souk Jumaa
September 7, 2018
In September 2018 a local agreement was signed in Tajoura, Souk Jumaa at the framework-substantive, partial stage of the Libyan local processes. Agreement provides for (1) reparations to families; (2) preserving the rights of civilians; (3) not arresting persons based on identity or within the boundaries of Libyan law; (4) preserving security in the capital and working to solve the IDP issue.
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Local Peace Agreement: Implementation - Agreement to Consolidate the Ceasefire (Zawiyya Agreement)
September 9, 2018
In September 2018 a local agreement was signed in Greater Tripoli at the implementation stage of the Libyan peace process. Short agreement providing for implementation modalities.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Agreement [Ceasefire between Tripoli and Tarhounah]
September 21, 2018
In September 2018 a local agreement was signed in Tripoli at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan peace process. Six point ceasefire for southern Tripoli. Ceasefire has an interesting 'signatory ritual' having each party issue a statement agreeing to the ceasefire. Ceasefire includes the withdrawal of armed groups, removal of checkpoints, and deletion of inflammatory social media accounts as well as stationing police (employed before 2011) to avoid a security vacuum. An enforcement committee is formed.
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Local Peace Agreement: Implementation - Meeting Minutes
September 23, 2018
In September 2018 a local agreement was signed in Tripoli at the implementation stage of the Libyan local processes. Appears to be a civilian call by mayors from opposing municipalities to implement the Tripoli ceasefire from September 2018.
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Local Peace Agreement: Ceasefire - Ceasefire in Southern Tripoli
September 28, 2018
In September 2018 a local agreement was signed in Southern Tripoli at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan peace process. Short statement issued by the Conflict and Resolution Committee providing for a Ceasefire in Southern Tripoli renegotiated from earlier that month. Statement also provides for ICRC to receive the dead from both sides.
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Pre-negotiation Agreement: Palermo Conference for and with Libya, Conclusions
November 13, 2018
In November 2018 an interstate/mixed agreement was signed, in Libya, at the pre-negotiation stage of the Libyan peace process. An agreement in the form of conference conclusions. The conference was an attempt to implement a UN Stabilisation plan, to agree on the road map for stabilization, unified institutions, and clear electoral legislation as preliminary conditions for any election to be held. The conference was intended to pave the way for a national conference in January 2019.
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Local Peace Agreement: Framework-substantive, partial - Statement from the Sheikhs and Dignitaries of the Tribes of Tarhunah Regarding the Events Taking Place in Southern Tripoli
January 22, 2019
In January 2019 a local agreement was signed in Tarhunah at the framework-substantive, partial stage of the Libyan local processes. An agreement described as between civic leaders, which appears to solidify a ceasefires, directed at violence in Tripoli between rival militias linked to the U.N.-backed Government of National Accord (GNA), including the 7th Brigade and Tripoli Protection Force connected to a Wafalla Tribe initiative in Southern Tripoli. The agreement concentrates on restoring relationships within the city.
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Ceasefire Agreement: Agreement for a Complete and Permanent Ceasefire in Libya
October 23, 2020
In October 2020 an intrastate agreement was signed, in Libya, at the ceasefire stage of the Libyan peace process. Agreement providing for a complete and permanent ceasefire between the Libyan Army of the Government of National Accord (GNA) and the Libyan National Army of the General Command of the Armed Forces
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Pre-negotiation Agreement: Roadmap for the Preparatory Phase of a Comprehensive Solution
November 19, 2020
In November 2020 an intrastate agreement was signed, in Libya, at the pre-negotiation stage of the Libyan peace process. In this agreement, the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum, supported by UNSMIL, sets the plan for the interim (preparatory) governance institutions and defines the institutions and bodies relevant for the electoral process.
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Pre-negotiation Agreement: The Selection Mechanism for the Unified Executive Authority Adopted by LPDF Members
January 19, 2021
In January 2021 an intrastate agreement was signed, in Libya, at the pre-negotiation stage of the Libyan transitional process. A short unilateral agreement set out by the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum as a guide for selecting the national executive.
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Implementation Agreement: The Second Berlin Conference on Libya
June 23, 2021
In June 2021 an interstate/mixed agreement was signed, in Libya, at the implementation stage of the Libyan peace process. A follow up set of commitments by international parties reaffirming the original commitments of the 2020 Berlin Conference on Libya. The agreement addresses the importance of the ceasefire that has come into place and stresses the importance of ensuring the political process and dialogue is Libyan-led and supported to be so.
Substantively the international collective of parties present commit to supporting the full implementation of UNSC resolutions ensuring arms embargos, securing Libyan borders against illegal cross-border arms and armed group movements, supporting the Ceasefire monitoring mechanisms, as well as supporting the interim government to address other day to day governance issues, including migration, corruption and improving basic services for Libyan people. Basic services include securing water and electricity infrastructure, medical and Covid-19 support, educational services.
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Implementation Agreement: Declaration of the Paris International Conference for Libya
November 12, 2021
In November 2021 an interstate/mixed agreement was signed, in Libya, at the implementation stage of the Libyan peace process. Declaration drafted as the concluding document of a conference of Heads of State and Government on Libya in support of the implementation of a Libyan-led and owned political process facilitated by the United Nations, leading to a political solution to the Libyan crisis.
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Local Peace Agreement: Framework-substantive, partial - Charter "And reconciliation is good" to support peaceful coexistence among the people of the Arabs of Murzuq and the Tabu in Murzuq
December 13, 2022
In December 2022 a local agreement was signed in Murzuq at the framework-substantive, partial stage of the Libyan local processes. A short local agreement of coexistence between two groups in the Murzuq region which substantively addresses return of displaced families and implementation of emergency development and infrastructure building for the two communities. The agreement also substantively addresses the need for confidence building activities in the shared city space and support for those with needs, including youth and women's initiatives.
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Amnesties
4
Constitutions
2
Coups d'etat
4
Elections
3
Local Agreements
34
Peace Agreements
13
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The following data sources were used to develop these timelines:
Bell, C., & Badanjak, S. (2019). Introducing PA-X: A new peace agreement database and dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 56(3), 452-466. Available at https://www.peaceagreements.org/
Chin, J. J., Carter, D. B., & Wright, J. G. (2021). The Varieties of Coups D’état: Introducing the Colpus Dataset. International Studies Quarterly, 65(4), 1040-1051.
Elkins, Zachary and Tom Ginsburg. 2022 “Characteristics of National Constitutions, Version 4.0.” Comparative Constitutions Project. Last modified: October 24, 2022. Available at comparativeconstitutionsproject.org
The National Elections across Democracy and Autocracy (NELDA) dataset: Hyde, S. D., & Marinov, N. (2012). Which elections can be lost? Political analysis, 20(2), 191-210.
Mallinder, L., (2020), Amnesties, Conflict and Peace Agreement (ACPA) Dataset. Available at https://www.peaceagreements.org/amnesties/