Conciliation and Peace Conference of the Regions of Bari Nugal and Mudug, SNA, SNDU, SSDF Peace Agreement (Mudug Peace Agreement)

Country/entity
Somalia
Puntland
Region
Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name
Conciliation and Peace Conference of the Regions of Bari Nugal and Mudug, SNA, SNDU, SSDF Peace Agreement (Mudug Peace Agreement)
Date
04/06/1993
Agreement status
Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement
No
Agreement/conflict level
Intrastate/local conflict (Somali Civil War (1991 - )
Originally spurred by centre-peripheral tensions, fighting broke out in 1981 between the regime of President Said Barre and the Somali National Movement, a militia primarily consisting of members from the northern Ishaq clan. Fighting intensified in the late 1980s as more clan-based militias arose. President Barre’s regime collapsed in late 1991 and as a result the UN intervened. However persistent attacks on the UN’s forces forced a withdrawal in 1994. From the mid- to late 1990s, the character of the conflict shifted as warlords fought for access to rents. Also during this period, two different peace agreements arose; the Sodere Declaration, which was mediated by Ethiopia and supported by IGAD, and the Cairo Accord, which was brokered by Egypt. Fighting, already noticeably lessened compared to the early 1990s, decreased and the more amicable environment paved the way for the Transitional Government to be formed in 2000 (replaced in 2004 by the Transitional Federal Government).

Nonetheless, opposition to the TFG arose in the form of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which by early 2006 had taken control of most of southern Somalia until they were ousted by an armed intervention by Ethiopia in December 2006. As a result, the ICU splintered. Hard-line ICU members formed the Takfiri organization, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, and launched a guerrilla campaign against the TFG. Another faction of the ICU fled to Djibouti and formed the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, which was absorbed into the ruling TFG after successful negotiations in 2007.

To deal with the new round of fighting, the UN-mandated AMISOM force was deployed in 2007. Since then, insecurity has fluctuated between the urban and rural areas as the al-Shabaab's territorial gains waver. Local militia leaders maintain de facto governance over communities. From 2009 to 2012, insecurity spilled over into the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean when Somali pirates seized, looted and ransomed ships. In 2014, 'Operation Indian Ocean' was launched and in parallel with infighting among al-Shabaab, the organisation's position in Somalia has diminished slightly. However, as evidenced by large-scale attacks by al-Shabaab in northern Kenya throughout 2013-2015, the lack of security continues to destabilize the region. Al-Shabaab continues to launch surprise attacks with the aim of forcing out foreign military presence in Somalia. Targets include both military forces and civilians. The devastating attack in October 2017 in Mogadishu saw 587 fatalities and resulted in a renewed military offensive by the Somali government and African Union allies. Since 2017, the U.S. has increased its air strikes targeting al-Shabaab militants, and in December 2018 they announced to re-establish a permanent diplomatic mission in the country. Al-Shabaab has been characterized as a spoiler in the Somali peace process and have therefore been placed outside of any negotiations.
Somali Civil War (1991 - ) )
Stage
Framework/substantive - partial (Multiple issues)
Conflict nature
Inter-group
Peace process
87: Somalia Peace Process
Parties
Signature of Somali Salvation Democratic Front delegate;
Signature of Somali National Alliance delegate;
Signature of Somali National Democratic Union delegate;
Third parties
Description
Short agreement between three militias for peace in Mudug, emphasizing past provision for property return, compensation, the disengagement of forces and the creation of a military committee to oversee the various aspects of DDR, past provisions and reconstruction.

Agreement document
SO_930604_Mudug Peace Agreement.pdf []

Groups

Children/youth
Substantive
Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces officers, elders, women and youth members. They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulfil their duties honestly.
Disabled persons
No specific mention.
Elderly/age
No specific mention.
Migrant workers
No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group
Substantive
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.3: The Somali territory belongs to the Somali state and citizens have the right to live, reside and work anywhere in Somalia. However, clan areas will remain under the jurisdiction of the clans living traditionally in that territory.
Religious groups
Rhetorical
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.5: The Islamic religion, Somali culture and norms shall be respected, strengthened and adhered to.
Substantive
Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces officers, elders, women and youth members. They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulfil their duties honestly.
Indigenous people
No specific mention.
Other groups
No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons
No specific mention.
Social class
No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender
Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces officers, elders, women and youth members. They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulfil their duties honestly.
Men and boys
No specific mention.
LGBTI
No specific mention.
Family
No specific mention.

State definition

State definition
Nature of state (general)
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.3: The Somali territory belongs to the Somali state and citizens have the right to live, reside and work anywhere in Somalia. However, clan areas will remain under the jurisdiction of the clans living traditionally in that territory.

Page 2, untitled post-word,
IN THE NAME OF PEACE, RECONCILIATION, REBUILDING, JUSTICE, DEMOCRACY, UNITY AND PROGRESS

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed)
No specific mention.
Constitution's affirmation/renewal
No specific mention.
Constitutional reform/making
No specific mention.
Elections
No specific mention.
Electoral commission
No specific mention.
Political parties reform
No specific mention.
Civil society
No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.7: Clan elders of the communities will discuss and decide upon payment of blood money (Diyah) for the non-combatants killed in Mudug region.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... • Elders and religious leaders peace sub-committee;

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces officers, elders, women and youth members. They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulfil their duties honestly.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.15: This agreement is signed by the political leaders, clan leaders and various delegates of clans and factions whose signatures appear below.
Public administration
No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing
No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing
No specific mention.
Economic power sharing
No specific mention.
Military power sharing
No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL
No specific mention.
Equality
No specific mention.
Democracy
Page 1, Untitled Preamble,
... Considering the democratic debates and broad analyses emanating from confidence and fraternity among the peoples of Bari, Nugaal and Mudug, which were held in the capital city of Mogadishu in the period between May 28th and June 3rd 1993, with 227 delegates attending

Page 2, untitled post-word,
IN THE NAME OF PEACE, RECONCILIATION, REBUILDING, JUSTICE, DEMOCRACY, UNITY AND PROGRESS
Protection measures
No specific mention.
Human rights framework
No specific mention.
Civil and political rights
Life
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.3: The Somali territory belongs to the Somali state and citizens have the right to live, reside and work anywhere in Somalia. However, clan areas will remain under the jurisdiction of the clans living traditionally in that territory.
Freedom of movement
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.3: The Somali territory belongs to the Somali state and citizens have the right to live, reside and work anywhere in Somalia. However, clan areas will remain under the jurisdiction of the clans living traditionally in that territory.
Socio-economic rights
Work
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.3: The Somali territory belongs to the Somali state and citizens have the right to live, reside and work anywhere in Somalia. However, clan areas will remain under the jurisdiction of the clans living traditionally in that territory.
NHRI
No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions
No specific mention.
Mobility/access
No specific mention.
Detention procedures
No specific mention.
Media and communication
No specific mention.
Citizenship
No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law
No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions
No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts
No specific mention.
Prisons and detention
No specific mention.
Traditional Laws
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.7: Clan elders of the communities will discuss and decide upon payment of blood money (Diyah) for the non-combatants killed in Mudug region.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction
Socio-economic development
Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... • Relief, reintegration and reconciliation sub-committee.
National economic plan
No specific mention.
Natural resources
No specific mention.
International funds
No specific mention.
Business
No specific mention.
Taxation
No specific mention.
Banks
No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights
No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights
No specific mention.
Cultural heritage
Intangible
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.5: The Islamic religion, Somali culture and norms shall be respected, strengthened and adhered to.
Environment
No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access
No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
Art.1: Implementation of a complete and lasting peace in the region and denunciation of the use of force and violence.

Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.2: Resolution of conflicts within the concerned communities through peaceful means and avoidance of solving conflicts by force and the use of weapons.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.10: Towns and tarmac roads are restricted to militias, small arms and heavy weapons. Bandits and thieves should be fought without mercy by the security forces of the region.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
• Militias and regional security forces sub-committee;

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces officers, elders, women and youth members. They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulfil their duties honestly.
Ceasefire
No specific mention.
Police
No specific mention.
Armed forces
No specific mention.
DDR
Demilitarisation provisions
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.9: Fighting armed militias shall be disengaged at a distance of 70km, with Galkayo the capital as the centre point, and deployed in the following locations:
a) SNA - Wargalo Dawgaab
b) SSDF - Buuryaqab (Xarfo)
c) SNDU - Galdogob.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.11: A military committee will be appointed to oversee the disengagement of militias and their deployment to new locations with their weapons, which will be completed within 45 days. For logistics, welfare and training of the militias, the committee will cooperate with UNOSOM II as stated in the Addis Ababa Agreements of January 15th and March 27th 1993.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.12: All heavy and mechanised weapons shall be collected and, in collaboration with UNOSOM II, stored in an appropriate place. These weapons will be handed over to the Somali state or a central authority.
Intelligence services
No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.9: Fighting armed militias shall be disengaged at a distance of 70km, with Galkayo the capital as the centre point, and deployed in the following locations:
a) SNA - Wargalo Dawgaab
b) SSDF - Buuryaqab (Xarfo)
c) SNDU - Galdogob.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.10: Towns and tarmac roads are restricted to militias, small arms and heavy weapons. Bandits and thieves should be fought without mercy by the security forces of the region.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.11: A military committee will be appointed to oversee the disengagement of militias and their deployment to new locations with their weapons, which will be completed within 45 days. For logistics, welfare and training of the militias, the committee will cooperate with UNOSOM II as stated in the Addis Ababa Agreements of January 15th and March 27th 1993.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
• Militias and regional security forces sub-committee;
Withdrawal of foreign forces
No specific mention.
Corruption
No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime
Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.10: Towns and tarmac roads are restricted to militias, small arms and heavy weapons. Bandits and thieves should be fought without mercy by the security forces of the region.
Drugs
No specific mention.
Terrorism
No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general
No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon
No specific mention.
Courts
No specific mention.
Mechanism
No specific mention.
Prisoner release
No specific mention.
Vetting
No specific mention.
Victims
No specific mention.
Missing persons
No specific mention.
Reparations
Material reparations
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.6: Fixed assets and other assets looted shall immediately be handed over, without any condition, upon declaration of the claimant as the rightful owner.

Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.8: A technical committee will be appointed, composed of the signatories of this agreement, with the task of returning looted assets and Diyah blood compensation to the rightful persons.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... • Sub-committee for the return of appropriated physical assets
Reconciliation
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.4: Co-existence and cooperation among the communities of the concerned regions shall be achieved gradually and step by step.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... • Relief, reintegration and reconciliation sub-committee.

Implementation

UN signatory
No specific mention.
Other international signatory
No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement
No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar
Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.11: A military committee will be appointed to oversee the disengagement of militias and their deployment to new locations with their weapons, which will be completed within 45 days. For logistics, welfare and training of the militias, the committee will cooperate with UNOSOM II as stated in the Addis Ababa Agreements of January 15th and March 27th 1993.
Enforcement mechanism
No specific mention.

The University of Edinburgh