Instrument of Agreement (between Jaysh al-Thawra and the Marea Operations Room, Aleppo)

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Country/entity: Syria
Region: Middle East and North Africa
Agreement name: Instrument of Agreement (between Jaysh al-Thawra and the Marea Operations Room, Aleppo)
Date: 18 Dec 2015
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Syrian Conflicts (1948 - ) (1976 - 2005) (2011 - )
The agreements relate to three different conflict contexts. Israel-Syria and Syria-Lebanon. The Syrian-Israeli conflict was a key factor for the Syrian intervention during the Lebanese Civil War, with Syrian-backed Palestinian Liberation Army units intervened in 1976 against the Palestinian/Leftist militias. Following a massacre at Tel al-Zaatar that year, Syria was forced to accept a ceasefire at a meeting of the Arab League. However, the Arab League also mandated an Arab Deterrence Force, consisting of mostly Syrian soldiers with token contributions from other Arab League states, thus further legitimizing the Syrian presence in Lebanon. During a second bout of fighting that began in 1989, caused by the formation of rival Lebanese regimes in East and West Beirut, the Syrian-backed regime won and in 1991 the ‘Treaty of Brotherhood, Cooperation and Coordination’ was signed to legalize the Syrian occupation as a means to ensure the security of Syria. Syrian forces were forced to withdraw in 2005 following possible involvement in the assassination of Lebanon’s President Hariri.

Syria-internal. In 2011, domestic upheaval following a wave of protests across the Arab World soon led to violent repression of protestors by Syrian government troops. The violence progressed steadily and by July 2011 the Free Syrian Army (FSA) was formed consisting of defected military units and new recruits. The FSA and rebel umbrella group known as the Syrian National Council represented the first attempt at coordinating rebel factions in late 2011. However, a steady influx of foreign fighters and increased sectarianism radicalised opposition groups, which relied on foreign funding. The nature of the conflict changed drastically in late 2013 as infighting among the opposition groups increased. One of the more significant developments was the split between the al-Qaeda outfits the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, ISIS), and Jabhat al-Nusra in early 2014 in addition to the intensified targeting of other rebel factions by ISIS fighters in particular, including the Kurdish Peshmerga, the FSA and other jihadist outfits. Since the summer of 2014, the conflict was further internationalized when ISIS announced the formation of an Islamic state eroding the state line between Iraq and Syria and also in mid-2015 when Russian forces intervened on behalf of the Bashar al-Assad government in Damascus.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: Syrian Local Agreements
Parties: Jaysh al-Thawra [illegible]
Command of Marea [Operations] Room [illegible]
Third parties: -
Description: Agreement is a response to local initiative; Initiative of the Shura and Reconciliation Council in Aleppo. 5-point agreement provides for (1) the entrance of Jaysh al-Thawra into Marea Operations room; (2) Jaysh al-Thawra's approval of Marea's command; (3) that Jaysh al-Thawra will remain at their current location until it is secure from the Syrian regime or ISIS; (4) de-militarisation of specified areas apart from a police force; (5) release of detainees by all parties. Although it has no explicit ceasefire clause, the agreement aimed to end fighting between Jaysh al-Thawra (under the Syrian Democratic Forces) and Marea Operations Room. The agreement was broken in Janaury 2016 when SDF took Malkiyya Village on the Aleppo-Azaz road.

Agreement document: SY_151218_Ceasefire between FSA Marea and Jaysh al-Thawrah_EN.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): SY_151218_Ceasefire between FSA Marea and Jaysh al-Thawrah_AR.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: Power sharing→Military power sharing→Merger of forces
Page 1, 1. Jaysh al-Thawar will enter into the machinery of the Marea Operations Room which will determine the timeframe, location, gear and number according to requirements at that stage.
Power sharing→Military power sharing→Joint command structures
Page 1, 2. Jaysh al-Thawar approves the leadership of the [Marea Operations] Room with supervision and follow-up, and accountability.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, 3. Members of Jaysh al-Thawar will remain in their headquarters until its premises and fronts are secured from [Syrian] regime and daesh [the Islamic State] with support from the [Operations] Room.

Page 1, 4. The following areas (Anab, Maryamayn, Shuwarigha al-Juzan) will be free of any armed presence except for a police station run by a free police [force].
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1,

4. The following areas (Anab, Maryamayn, Shuwarigha al-Juzan) will be free of any armed presence except for a police station run by a free police [force].
Police: Page 1, 4. The following areas (Anab, Maryamayn, Shuwarigha al-Juzan) will be free of any armed presence except for a police station run by a free police [force].
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, 3. Members of Jaysh al-Thawar will remain in their headquarters until its premises and fronts are secured from [Syrian] regime and daesh [the Islamic State] with support from the [Operations] Room.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 1, 5. Both parties will release all detainees.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.

Instrument of Agreement (between The Revolutionary Army and the Marea Operations Room, Aleppo)

In response to the initiative of the Shura and Reconciliation Council in Aleppo [made] by the two sides, the following points were agreed:

1. Jaysh al-Thawar will enter into the machinery of the Marea Operations Room which will determine the timeframe, location, gear and number according to requirements at that stage.

2. Jaysh al-Thawar approves the leadership of the [Marea Operations] Room with supervision and follow-up, and accountability.

3. Members of Jaysh al-Thawar will remain in their headquarters until its premises and fronts are secured from [Syrian] regime and daesh [the Islamic State] with support from the [Operations] Room.

4. The following areas (Anab, Maryamayn, Shuwarigha al-Juzan) will be free of any armed presence except for a police station run by a free police [force].

5. Both parties will release all detainees.

God bless

Jaysh al-Thawra [illegible]

Command of Marea [Operations] Room [illegible]