Peace Agreements Database

Country/entity

Libya

Region

Middle East and North Africa

Agreement name

Palermo Conference for and with Libya, Conclusions

Date

13/11/2018

Agreement status

Multiparty signed/agreed

Interim arrangement

No

Agreement/conflict level

Interstate/intrastate conflict(s) (Libyan Conflicts (1969 - 1994) (2011 - )

Agreements relate to two distinct conflict dyads.
Libya-Chad. Since the 1970s, Libya under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi had a tense relationship with its neighbour Chad, predominantly focused on the resource-rich Aouzou Strip in northern Chad. Libyan claims of the Aouzou Strip were held in an un-ratified treaty between France and Italy in 1935, similarly Chadian claims of the Strip were argued with support of a 1955 treaty between Libya and France. In 1973, Libya effectively annexed the Strip to gain access to natural resources. This spurred cross-border clashes between 1979 until 1987 until escalated to a brief war known as the Toyota War, wherein Chadian government troops succeeded in repelling Libyan forces. A brief and repeatedly violated ceasefire was held from 1987-88, followed by a series of unsuccessful negotiations, until an International Court of Justice ruling in 1994, which granted sovereignty of the Strip to Chad.

Libya post-Gaddafi. Gaddafi’s downfall following the Libyan Civil War in 2011-2012, led to several factions fighting for the country’s leadership. Since 2013, the country effectively split into three entities, with the National Army controlling the east including the city of Benghazi, and the New General National Congress and their militias such as the Golden Dawn controlling the northwest including the capital of Tripoli. Significant portions of the country in the south-west are currently held by Tuareg forces. The civil war and chaos continued into 2014 as the General National Congress refused to disband after the expiry of its mandate, resulting in eruption of mass protests. The UN efforts continue to broker peace between the Libyan Army and the Libya Dawn factions, and a partial ceasefire was declared in January 2015. A new interim-government (Tunisia-based) called ‘Government of National Accord’ is formed with the backing of UN despite the refusal of the other forces to recognise its authority and arrived to Tripoli with the UN in 2016. A state of emergency was declared by the UN backed government amid clashed between rival militia in Tripoli’s southern suburbs. Since April 2019 there has been sustained fighting between the Libyan National Army and the UN-backed government in Tripoli as the Libyan National Army aims to seize Tripoli.

Libyan Conflicts (1969 - 1994) (2011 - ) )

Stage

Pre-negotiation/process (Principles)

Conflict nature

Government

Peace process

70: Libyan peace process

Parties

Declaration without signatories, but document states itself to be one of Libya and International partners', and lists partners as 'Participants
included a broad Libyan presence,with delegations from PC/GNA, HOR,
HSC andLNA. Countries invited included representatives of
Algeria, Austria, Canada, Chad, China, Czech Republic,Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Jordan, Malta, Morocco, the Netherlands, Niger, Poland, Qatar, Republic of Congo, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Swiss Confederation, Tunisia,Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the African Union, the European Union, the League of Arab States,the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the United Nations.

Third parties

UN Special Representative of the Secretary General Ghassan Salamé stated to be present

Description

An agreement in the form of conference conclusions. The conference was an attempt to implement a UN Stabilisation plan, to agree on the road map for stabilization, unified institutions, and clear electoral legislation as preliminary conditions for any election to be held. The conference was intended to pave the way for a national conference in January 2019.

Agreement document

LY_181113_Palermo_Conference_Conclusions.pdf []

Groups

Children/youth

No specific mention.

Disabled persons

No specific mention.

Elderly/age

No specific mention.

Migrant workers

Rhetorical

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Underlined the importance to engage in order to favor the return of the IDPs;
-­‐ Stressed the need to step up coordination of regional and international efforts to tackle the common migration challenge and fight against human trafficking, in full respect of national sovereignty and international human rights law.

Racial/ethnic/national group

No specific mention.

Religious groups

No specific mention.

Indigenous people

No specific mention.

Other groups

No specific mention.

Refugees/displaced persons

Rhetorical

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Underlined the importance to engage in order to favor the return of the IDPs;
-­‐ Stressed the need to step up coordination of regional and international efforts to tackle the common migration challenge and fight against human trafficking, in full respect of national sovereignty and international human rights law.

Social class

No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender

Page 3,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Urged Libyan representatives to support the principle of full inclusivity, including women participation, for the National Conference, without vetoes;

Men and boys

No specific mention.

LGBTI

No specific mention.

Family

No specific mention.

State definition

State definition

Nature of state (general)

Page 1,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Recalling the need to consolidate the rule of law in a sovereign, democratic and stable Libya, under unified national institutions, guaranteeing the safety of its citizens from all threats, including terrorism, the protection and proper management of its natural wealth and financial resources, including cultural heritage;

Page 2,
Participants, welcomed the commitment by the Libyan delegations to:
-­‐ Adopt the referendum law with a view of completing the Constitutional process as a key achievement for the sovereignty of the Libyan Nation;

State configuration

Page 1,
Participants,
-­‐ Reaffirming their strong and unequivocal commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Libya;

Self determination

Page 1,
Participants,
-­‐ Reaffirming their strong and unequivocal commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Libya;

Referendum

Page 2,
Participants, welcomed the commitment by the Libyan delegations to:
-­‐ Adopt the referendum law with a view of completing the Constitutional process as a key achievement for the sovereignty of the Libyan Nation;

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed)

Temporary new institutions

Page 1,
Participants,
-­‐ Welcomed the briefing presented by SRSG Salamé to the UN Security Council on November 8, 2018, in which he called for a Libyan-­‐led inclusive National Conference to be held in the first weeks of 2019 in Libya.
...
-­‐ Urged all Libyans and Libyan institutions to use the opportunity provided by the National Conference to: forego the use of force to settle their disputes; adopt principles and a clear timeline for making progress in the unification of their institutions, agreeing to eventually end duplication of institutions and structures; and, commit to the democratic renewal of their elected bodies in cooperation with the United Nations Support Mission in Libya;
-­‐ Urged Libyan representatives to support the principle of full inclusivity, including women participation, for the National Conference, without vetoes;
-­‐ Pledged to actively support the outcomes of the National Conference and to exert pressure on the concerned leaders and institutions to implement them without delay;
-­‐ Underlined that the National Conference is not to be a new institution, nor an effort to replace existing legislative bodies;
-­‐ Called for the reopening of the electoral registers;

Constitution's affirmation/renewal

No specific mention.

Constitutional reform/making

Page 1-2,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Underlined the importance of concluding the subsequent constitutional framework and electoral process by Spring 2019.

Page 2,
Participants, welcomed the commitment by the Libyan delegations to:
-­‐ Adopt the referendum law with a view of completing the Constitutional process as a key achievement for the sovereignty of the Libyan Nation;

Elections

Page 1-2,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Underlined the importance of concluding the subsequent constitutional framework and electoral process by Spring 2019.
...
-­‐ Called for the reopening of the electoral registers;

Page 2,
Participants, welcomed the commitment by the Libyan delegations to:
-­‐ Adopt the referendum law with a view of completing the Constitutional process as a key achievement for the sovereignty of the Libyan Nation;
-­‐ Undertake institutional responsibilities in order to hold a credible, peaceful, and well-­‐prepared electoral process, underlining the importance of concluding the constitutional framework and the electoral process by Spring 2019, and of making sure that all the required technical, legislative, political and security conditions are in place, with an increasing support by the international community from now on;
-­‐ Respect the results of these elections when they occur, while those who will undermine Libya’s security or obstruct the electoral process will be held accountable.

Electoral commission

No specific mention.

Political parties reform

No specific mention.

Civil society

No specific mention.

Traditional/religious leaders

No specific mention.

Public administration

No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing

No specific mention.

Territorial power sharing

No specific mention.

Economic power sharing

No specific mention.

Military power sharing

No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL

Page 1,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Recalling the need to consolidate the rule of law in a sovereign, democratic and stable Libya, under unified national institutions, guaranteeing the safety of its citizens from all threats, including terrorism, the protection and proper management of its natural wealth and financial resources, including cultural heritage;

Equality

No specific mention.

Democracy

Page 3,
-­‐ Urged all Libyans and Libyan institutions to use the opportunity provided by the National Conference to: forego the use of force to settle their disputes; adopt principles and a clear timeline for making progress in the unification of their institutions, agreeing to eventually end duplication of institutions and structures; and, commit to the democratic renewal of their elected bodies in cooperation with the United Nations Support Mission in Libya;

Protection measures

Protection of groups

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Underlined the importance to engage in order to favor the return of the IDPs;
-­‐ Stressed the need to step up coordination of regional and international efforts to tackle the common migration challenge and fight against human trafficking, in full respect of national sovereignty and international human rights law.

Human rights framework

Treaty incorporation

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Underlined the importance to engage in order to favor the return of the IDPs;
-­‐ Stressed the need to step up coordination of regional and international efforts to tackle the common migration challenge and fight against human trafficking, in full respect of national sovereignty and international human rights law.

Civil and political rights

No specific mention.

Socio-economic rights

No specific mention.

NHRI

No specific mention.

Regional or international human rights institutions

No specific mention.

Mobility/access

No specific mention.

Detention procedures

No specific mention.

Media and communication

No specific mention.

Citizenship

No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law

No specific mention.

State of emergency provisions

No specific mention.

Judiciary and courts

No specific mention.

Prisons and detention

No specific mention.

Traditional Laws

No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction

Infrastructure and reconstruction

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Expressed their concern at the security and humanitarian situation in parts of Libya and particularly in the South and committed to stabilize the region, and restore basic services for the affected population;

National economic plan

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Welcomed the ongoing efforts to promote accountability within the economic institutions, and stressed the need to overcome any form of predation, corruption and lack of transparency, in order to allow all the Libyan people to benefit from the Libyan resources;
-­‐ Called for the relevant international organizations to provide the Libyan authorities with expertise and technical support to achieve these goals.

Participants, welcomed the Libyan commitment to:
-­‐ Launch an enhanced dialogue on fiscal transparency and budget execution, in order to answer the Libyan call for accountability, and for a transparent and equitable resources distribution;
-­‐ Implement the agreement on the terms of reference for the financial review of the Central Bank of Libya and its eastern parallel branch and to work toward the reunification of the economic institutions, through UNSMIL-­‐facilitated dialogue.

Natural resources

Page 1,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Recalling the need to consolidate the rule of law in a sovereign, democratic and stable Libya, under unified national institutions, guaranteeing the safety of its citizens from all threats, including terrorism, the protection and proper management of its natural wealth and financial resources, including cultural heritage;

International funds

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
-­‐ Recalled the economic reforms recently adopted by the GNA and urged to continue moving forward with their implementation, in collaboration with UNSMIL and international financial institutions, in order to provide the resources and investments that underpin basic services to all Libyan regions and people, and improve their living conditions;
-­‐ Welcomed the commitment to further comprehensive monetary and subsidy reforms on the basis of the road map presented in Palermo and urged for their swift adoption;
-­‐ Welcomed the ongoing efforts to promote accountability within the economic institutions, and stressed the need to overcome any form of predation, corruption and lack of transparency, in order to allow all the Libyan people to benefit from the Libyan resources;
-­‐ Called for the relevant international organizations to provide the Libyan authorities with expertise and technical support to achieve these goals.

Participants, welcomed the Libyan commitment to:
-­‐ Launch an enhanced dialogue on fiscal transparency and budget execution, in order to answer the Libyan call for accountability, and for a transparent and equitable resources distribution;
-­‐ Implement the agreement on the terms of reference for the financial review of the Central Bank of Libya and its eastern parallel branch and to work toward the reunification of the economic institutions, through UNSMIL-­‐facilitated dialogue.

Business

No specific mention.

Taxation

No specific mention.

Banks

Central bank

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Welcomed the ongoing efforts to promote accountability within the economic institutions, and stressed the need to overcome any form of predation, corruption and lack of transparency, in order to allow all the Libyan people to benefit from the Libyan resources;
-­‐ Called for the relevant international organizations to provide the Libyan authorities with expertise and technical support to achieve these goals.

Participants, welcomed the Libyan commitment to:
-­‐ Launch an enhanced dialogue on fiscal transparency and budget execution, in order to answer the Libyan call for accountability, and for a transparent and equitable resources distribution;
-­‐ Implement the agreement on the terms of reference for the financial review of the Central Bank of Libya and its eastern parallel branch and to work toward the reunification of the economic institutions, through UNSMIL-­‐facilitated dialogue.

International finance

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
-­‐ Recalled the economic reforms recently adopted by the GNA and urged to continue moving forward with their implementation, in collaboration with UNSMIL and international financial institutions, in order to provide the resources and investments that underpin basic services to all Libyan regions and people, and improve their living conditions;
-­‐ Welcomed the commitment to further comprehensive monetary and subsidy reforms on the basis of the road map presented in Palermo and urged for their swift adoption;
...

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights

No specific mention.

Pastoralist/nomadism rights

No specific mention.

Cultural heritage

Promotion

Page 1,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Recalling the need to consolidate the rule of law in a sovereign, democratic and stable Libya, under unified national institutions, guaranteeing the safety of its citizens from all threats, including terrorism, the protection and proper management of its natural wealth and financial resources, including cultural heritage;

Environment

No specific mention.

Water or riparian rights or access

No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees

Page 1,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Recalling the need to consolidate the rule of law in a sovereign, democratic and stable Libya, under unified national institutions, guaranteeing the safety of its citizens from all threats, including terrorism, the protection and proper management of its natural wealth and financial resources, including cultural heritage;

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
-­‐ Recalled that security is a paramount requirement towards the achievement of sustainable political and economic stability and a primary expectation of the Libyan people;
...
-­‐ Reiterated the international community readiness to take targeted sanctions against those who violate the ceasefire in Tripoli;
-­‐ Underlined the role of the neighboring countries in the Libyan stabilization process;
-­‐ Expressed their concern at the security and humanitarian situation in parts of Libya and particularly in the South and committed to stabilize the region, and restore basic services for the affected population;
-­‐ Underlined the importance to engage in order to favor the return of the IDPs;
-­‐ Stressed the need to step up coordination of regional and international efforts to tackle the common migration challenge and fight against human trafficking, in full respect of national sovereignty and international human rights law.

Ceasefire

General commitments

Page 3,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Urged all Libyans and Libyan institutions to use the opportunity provided by the National Conference to: forego the use of force to settle their disputes; adopt principles and a clear timeline for making progress in the unification of their institutions, agreeing to eventually end duplication of institutions and structures; and, commit to the democratic renewal of their elected bodies in cooperation with the United Nations Support Mission in Libya;

Page 3,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Reiterated the international community readiness to take targeted sanctions against those who violate the ceasefire in Tripoli;

Police

Participants,
-­‐ Recalled that security is a paramount requirement towards the achievement of sustainable political and economic stability and a primary expectation of the Libyan people;
...
-­‐ Condemned any use of violence in Tripoli and elsewhere and urged all parties to pursue the full and rapid establishment of the new security arrangements in Tripoli based on the redeployment of regular army and police forces with the aim to replace the armed groups;
...
-­‐ Expressed willingness to take initiatives for building the capacity of Libya’s security institutions, including the Joint Operations Centre, also through training activities of regular security and police forces;

Armed forces

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
-­‐ Recalled that security is a paramount requirement towards the achievement of sustainable political and economic stability and a primary expectation of the Libyan people;
...
-­‐ Expressed support to the Egyptian-­‐led dialogue in building unified, professional and accountable military institutions, under civilian authority;
-­‐ Condemned any use of violence in Tripoli and elsewhere and urged all parties to pursue the full and rapid establishment of the new security arrangements in Tripoli based on the redeployment of regular army and police forces with the aim to replace the armed groups;
...
-­‐ Expressed willingness to take initiatives for building the capacity of Libya’s security institutions, including the Joint Operations Centre, also through training activities of regular security and police forces;

DDR

No specific mention.

Intelligence services

No specific mention.

Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
-­‐ Recalled that security is a paramount requirement towards the achievement of sustainable political and economic stability and a primary expectation of the Libyan people;
...
-­‐ Condemned any use of violence in Tripoli and elsewhere and urged all parties to pursue the full and rapid establishment of the new security arrangements in Tripoli based on the redeployment of regular army and police forces with the aim to replace the armed groups;

Withdrawal of foreign forces

No specific mention.

Corruption

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Welcomed the ongoing efforts to promote accountability within the economic institutions, and stressed the need to overcome any form of predation, corruption and lack of transparency, in order to allow all the Libyan people to benefit from the Libyan resources;

Crime/organised crime

No specific mention.

Drugs

No specific mention.

Terrorism

Page 1,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Recalling the need to consolidate the rule of law in a sovereign, democratic and stable Libya, under unified national institutions, guaranteeing the safety of its citizens from all threats, including terrorism, the protection and proper management of its natural wealth and financial resources, including cultural heritage;

Pages 2-3,
Participants,
...
-­‐ Agreed to support all efforts against terrorism and recalled the sacrifices made by all Libyan parties in this fight;

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general

No specific mention.

Amnesty/pardon

No specific mention.

Courts

No specific mention.

Mechanism

No specific mention.

Prisoner release

No specific mention.

Vetting

No specific mention.

Victims

No specific mention.

Missing persons

No specific mention.

Reparations

No specific mention.

Reconciliation

Participants recalled that any solution to the Libyan crisis can only be a peaceful and political one, in full respect of Libyan sovereignty and a national reconciliation process involving all Libyans who are willing to participate and peacefully contribute to the Libyan transition.

Implementation

UN signatory

Agreement a Declaration and not signed but welcomes a statement by the UN Special Representative of the Secretary General Ghassan Salamé.

Other international signatory

No specific mention.

Referendum for agreement

Participants, welcomed the commitment by the Libyan delegations to:
-­‐ Adopt the referendum law with a view of completing the Constitutional process as a key achievement for the sovereignty of the Libyan Nation;

International mission/force/similar

No specific mention.

Enforcement mechanism

No specific mention.