Haigeng Agreement

Export agreement:

Export agreement coding (PDF)

Country/entity: Myanmar
Region: Asia and Pacific
Agreement name: Haigeng Agreement
Date: 12 Jan 2024
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Myanmar Conflict (1948 - )
Internal conflict, mostly along ethno-political fault lines, has been a constant feature of Myanmar since its independence in 1948. The conflict has two distinct dynamics. First a struggle between an authoritarian government and a pro-democracy opposition which has the characteristics of authoritarian conflicts; and second a stuggle between the government and ethnic armed groups which has the characteristics of an identity conflict. The two oldest and strongest militias fighting the government are the Karen National Union (KNU), which has remained active since the late 1940s, and the Kachin Independence Organisation, which was formed in the early 1960s. In total, here are more than a dozen mostly ethnic-based guerrilla groups active throughout the country. Especially in the period of junta dictatorship that lasted until 2011 the government attempted to crush the rebellions, which led to numerous human rights violations. With the start of democratic reforms in the aftermath of the 2010 elections, peace negotiations have taken place and resulted in the signing of various agreements, although conflicts remain active.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Myanmar ceasefires process with ethnic armed groups
Parties: State Administration Council (SAC):

National Solidarity and Peacemaking Negotiation Committee (NSPNC) representatives (individual names not specified)

Three Brotherhood Alliance:

MNDAA (Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army) - individual representatives not named
TNLA (Ta'ang National Liberation Army) - individual representatives not named
AA (Arakan Army) - individual representatives not named
Third parties: People's Republic of China
Description: This ceasefire agreement between Myanmar's State Administration Council and the Three Brotherhood Alliance (MNDAA, TNLA, AA) was facilitated by China following two days of negotiations in Kunming. The agreement establishes an immediate ceasefire effective January 11, 2024 at 9:00 p.m., with both parties committing to avoid troop confrontations and resolve disputes through dialogue.

Agreement document: MM_240111_Haigeng Agreement (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Source of document: https://taangland.org/en/category/statement/65d4d2ddadf43

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: Furthermore, both parties have committed to refraining from causing harm or destruction to the security of the citizens of the People's Republic of China along the China-Myanmar border region and the investments made by the People's Republic of China in Myanmar.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: Furthermore, both parties have committed to refraining from causing harm or destruction to the security of the citizens of the People's Republic of China along the China-Myanmar border region and the investments made by the People's Republic of China in Myanmar.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Furthermore, both parties have committed to refraining from causing harm or destruction to the security of the citizens of the People's Republic of China along the China-Myanmar border region and the investments made by the People's Republic of China in Myanmar.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
1. Both armies shall commence an immediate ceasefire starting from 9:00 p.m. on January 11, 2024.
2. Both parties have committed to avoid confrontations between their troops.
3. In case of disputes and needs, particularly instances of involving gunfire, the commitment has been made to resolve such issue through dialogue.
To meet these agreements, the Three Brotherhood Alliance has pledged to abstain from initiating offensive attacks against the military camps and strategic hills posts of the State Administration Council (SAC) in northern Shan State.
In reciprocation, the SAC has agreed upon not to launch assaults on our currently controlled and conquered territorial areas by employing artillery and airstrikes.
Furthermore, both parties have committed to refraining from causing harm or destruction to the security of the citizens of the People's Republic of China along the China-Myanmar border region and the investments made by the People's Republic of China in Myanmar.
Security sector→Ceasefire→General commitments
Mutual ceasefire arrangements and other related matters are agreed upon to discuss further.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: In reciprocation, the SAC has agreed upon not to launch assaults on our currently controlled and conquered territorial areas by employing artillery and airstrikes.
Furthermore, both parties have committed to refraining from causing harm or destruction to the security of the citizens of the People's Republic of China along the China-Myanmar border region and the investments made by the People's Republic of China in Myanmar.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: To meet these agreements, the Three Brotherhood Alliance has pledged to abstain from initiating offensive attacks against the military camps and strategic hills posts of the State Administration Council (SAC) in northern Shan State.
Furthermore, both parties have committed to refraining from causing harm or destruction to the security of the citizens of the People's Republic of China along the China-Myanmar border region and the investments made by the People's Republic of China in Myanmar.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.

25 January 2024

Statement on the Resulting Outcome of "Haigeng Agreement" Meeting

Issued on January 12, 2024, at 9:30 p.m.

In pursuance of diplomatic efforts facilitated by the People's Republic of China, the representatives from the State Administration Council's National Solidarity and Peacemaking Negotiation Committee (NSPNC) and the Three Brotherhood Alliance, consisting of MNDAA, TNLA, and AA, have convened in Kunming City, China on January 10th, and 11th to deliberate upon the "Haigeng Agreement " for 2 days.

This is the third meeting and the parties have reached to the mutual agreements with the following main points:

1. Both armies shall commence an immediate ceasefire starting from 9:00 p.m. on January 11, 2024.

2. Both parties have committed to avoid confrontations between their troops.

3. In case of disputes and needs, particularly instances of involving gunfire, the commitment has been made to resolve such issue through dialogue.

To meet these agreements, the Three Brotherhood Alliance has pledged to abstain from initiating offensive attacks against the military camps and strategic hills posts of the State Administration Council (SAC) in northern Shan State.

In reciprocation, the SAC has agreed upon not to launch assaults on our currently controlled and conquered territorial areas by employing artillery and airstrikes.

Furthermore, both parties have committed to refraining from causing harm or destruction to the security of the citizens of the People's Republic of China along the China-Myanmar border region and the investments made by the People's Republic of China in Myanmar.

Mutual ceasefire arrangements and other related matters are agreed upon to discuss further.

Representatives from the Three Brotherhood Alliance:

MNDAA + TNLA + AA

DISCLAIMER:

The English version is a translation of the original in Burmese for information purposes only.

In case of a discrepancy, the Burmese original will prevail.