Kafanchan Peace Declaration between Grazers and Farmers

Country/entity
Nigeria
Region
Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name
Kafanchan Peace Declaration between Grazers and Farmers
Date
23/03/2016
Agreement status
Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement
No
Agreement/conflict level
Intrastate/local conflict (Nigerian Civil War (1967), Delta Unrest (1990 - ), Communal Conflicts (1978 - ), and Boko Haram Insurgency (2009 - )
Since 1960 when Nigeria became independent, it has seen a number of coup d’etats and instability. In 1967, after confederation plans for the Nigerian regions to gain more independence failed, the Eastern region seceded as the Republic of Biafra and this caused the Nigerian Civil War. The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic and religious tensions which had existed since before Britain drew new borders when colonising the area. The discovery of oil in the Niger Delta heightened the intensity of the conflict. With the aid of British forces, the Nigerian military managed to take back the territory in 1970. Since then, ethnic violence has persisted.

Nigerian Delta Unrest (1990 - )
Conflict in the Niger Delta arose in the 1990s between foreign oil companies and ethnic groups which felt exploited after being forced to abandon their land. The Nigerian military caused international consternation in 1995 when members of the Ogoni tribe of the Niger Delta were found hanged without due process. The proliferation of arms in the region has encouraged the rise of armed groups which have targeted oil companies and pipelines. This came to a head in 2004 when Shell withdrew personnel from two oil fields in response to attacks on wells and pipelines by rebels. The military have attempted to clamp down on militant groups in the Niger Delta but it was not until the establishment of the Presidential amnesty program in 2009 which required the surrender of weapons by militants in exchange for amnesty. In 2016 a new militant group called the Niger Delta Avengers has announced its existence in the Niger Delta illustrating the continued instability in that region.

Boko Haram Insurgency (2009 - )
Sectarian violence has also been rife in Nigeria and since 2002, the radical Islamist group Boko Haram have been violently seeking to establish sharia law throughout Nigeria and an Islamic caliphate in the Northern part of the country. In 2009 they began an official insurgency which spread to Cameroon, Chad and Niger. In 2014 the group kidnapped 276 girls from a college in Chibok and bombed the town of Jos. The insurgency is the result of Muslim – Christian tensions in the country which is a constant source of instability and violence. In 2015 the military led a regional coalition of forces on a counter-offensive against Boko Haram and they were successful in taking ground. There are also conflicts between Fulani herdsmen and Christian peasants in the Middle belt. Widespread corruption and lack of state authority exacerbate these many complex tensions.

Central Nigerian communal conflicts (1978 - )
Unrest in Nigeria is a product of socio-economic pressures between migrating herdsmen and settled agriculturists, exacerbated by firearms proliferation, ethnic conflict, sectarianism and banditry. Since 2001, attacks have adopted a more sectarian character involving suicide bombings and shooting at churches by the jihadist group, Boko Haram. Peaks of violence occurred in 2004 and 2011, patoral/farmer conflict has resulted in the deaths of thousands since the Fourth Nigerian Republic was founded in 1999. The Land Use Act of 1978, exacerbated conflict by allowing longtime occupants 'indigeneship' and the ability to apply for a certificate of occupancy, putting migrating communities at a disadvantage.
Nigerian Civil War (1967), Delta Unrest (1990 - ), Communal Conflicts (1978 - ), and Boko Haram Insurgency (2009 - ) )
Stage
Framework/substantive - comprehensive (Agreement)
Conflict nature
Inter-group
Peace process
152: Nigeria - local agreements
Parties
Jema'a Local Government Area
Bajju
1. Samuel Yakubu Ninyio
2. Chief Dakachi Diem Anthony
3. Bulus Haruna
4. Mrs. Janet James
5. Rev. Cassimir M. Yabo
6. Mr. Gregory Namadi

Fantswam
1. Mammuda Z. Habu
2. Chief Ayuba Yaya
3. Mr. Jospeh Yakusa
4. Esther M. Adamu
5. Rev. Joshua Chechet
6. John B. Awodi

Fulani
1. Alh. Haruna Usman
2. Ardo Sulaiman Yashi
3. Abdulhamid Musa
4. Maryam Suleiman
5. Abubkar S. Sadiq
6. Ardo Abubakar Gamba

Gwong
1. Hon. Hussaini Dogara
2. Sen. Babale Maikarfi
3. Paul M. Bonnet
4. Hon. Naomi Waziri
5. Maj. Gen. Adamu Dyeri Rtd.

Hausa
1. Danjuma Musa
2. Alh. Garba Abdullahi Maisukuni
3. Alh. Kabir Abdu
4. Maimuna G. Abdullahi
5. Alh. Kabir Mami Kasim
6. Alh. Haruna Saluhu

Igbo
1. Chief Chibu-eze Akpu
5. Hon. Christopher Oriala

Kaninkon
1. Alh. Ismail Suleiman
2. William B. Gimba
3. Willisi Sati
4. Monica A. Tete
5. Pastor Ishaku Maman
6. Samuel B. Tete

Kachia Local Government Area
Adara
1. Norman Shekarau
2. Stephen A. Garba
3. Yusuf Kaura
4. Hauwa Kadarko
5. Rev. Peter Kimbe
6. Stephen Yakubu

Bajju
1. Mr. Musa Adwak
2. Mr. Sani Tawai
3. Raphael Augustine Dogo
4. Mrs. Victoria Anthony
5. Rev. Jesse Mallam
6. Mr. Goliath Gandu

Fulani
1. Adamu Dauda
2. Ardo Ayuba Hassan
3. Alh. Ardo Konkwa
4. Hajiya Karimatu Wakili Musa
5. Mallam Usman Garba Mohammed
6. Alh. Yusuf Usman

Hausa
1. Alh. Rabiu Suleiman
2. Sabiu Suleiman
3. Alh. Sirajo Jibrin
4. Malama Bilkisu Bako
5. Mal. Idris Yunusa
6. Alh. Ibrahim Alkasim

Jaba
1. Mr. Danladi Dare
2. Wakili Danjuma Amana
3. Mr. Daniel Shehu
4. Mrs. Theresa Bala
5. Rev. Habila Yohanna
6. Mr. Gabriel Adamu

Ikulu
1. Emmanuel Ayuba
2. Ishaya Bulus
3. Yakubu Dodo

Kuturmi
1. Capt. Christopher Maidawa
2. Mr. Samaila Danfulani
3. Mr. Sunday Yakubu
4. Mrs. Christiana A. Joseph
5. Rev. Ayuba Dogon Yaro
6. Yohanna Danfulani

Kaura Local Government Area
Fulani
1. Ardo Alhaji Hari
2. Ardo Bayero Ahmadu
3. Alh. Abubakar Nasiru Nace
4. Hajiya Zainab Adamu
5. Abdullahi Bayero
6. Malam Musa Abubakar

Hausa
1. Kasimu Abubakar (Chr)
2. Mustapha Muhammadu
3. Alh. Dahiru Mu'azu
4. Maryam Sa'adu
5. Shehu Danjuma
6. Ahmed Haruna

Igbo
1. Chief Sunday Ezekiel

Kagoro
1. Philip N. Suku (Chr)
2. David P. Datiyong
3. Andrew Simon Kazah
4. Mrs. Kande Ishaya
5. Rev. Joshua Z. Yamang
6. Ajim Bonatson

Sholio (Moro'a)
1. Naman Ishaya Auta
2. Mr. Shehu Abui (Chr)
3. Gideon Laaki Ninyio
4. Mary Julius
5. Rev. Goar
6. Thomas D. Kazah

Takad
1. Ignatius Raymond
2. Mr. Alphonsus Ngu B.
3. Mr. Raphael Soja
4. Angelina I. Boye
5. Rev. Irimiya Zango
6. Rtd. Pastor Joseph Bakugde
Sanga Local Government Area

Ayu
1. Mal. Labaran Hassan (Chr)
2. Rtd. Inp Danjuma Garba
3. Dauda Aliyu Abdullahi
4. Malama Salamatu Isa
5. Rev. Dadut John
6. Mal Musa Abubakar

Fulani
1. Alh. Alhassan Abdulkarim (Chr)
2. Ardo Abdulrahman Ya'u
3. Malam Usman Sa'idu
4. Hajiya Hairu Yakuba
5. Abdullahi Mohammad
6. Alh. Dere Kantoma Wakili

Gwandara
1. Mr. Danjuma Yakubu
2. Mal Bala Adawet
3. Mal Bala Zakariah (Chr)
4. Mrs. Christina Bitrus
5. Rev. Danladi Agbun Danboyi
6. Mr. Yohanna Madaki

Hausa
1. Mal Aliyu Adamu
2. Hon. Alh. Salau Babale
3. Mal Bala Aminu
4. Malama Binta Mohammed
5. Mal Musa Abdullahi
6. Yahaya Barau (Chr)

Mada
1. Mr. Daniel Jatau
2. Mr. John Lange
3. Mr. Amos Waziri
4. Mrs. Gloria Monday
5. Rev. Yakubu Bulus
6. Hon. Bitrus Danboyi Dogari

Nandu
1. Mr. Nuhu Tukura
2. Rtd. Pastor Yohanna Aloko
3. Mr. Ruden Lawal
4. Mrs. Jumai Danladi
5. Rev Danladi Ali
6. Mr. Danladi Adamu (Chr)

Ninzo
1. Abdullahi Nuhu
2. Mal Aminu Abdullahi
3. Elisha Aku
4. Christie E. Musa
5. Ali Y. Jetau
6. Mr. Joel Adamu Mande (Chr)

Numana
1. Mr. Gambo A. Danjuma (Chr)
2. Chief Jibrin S. Kogi
3. Barr I.B. Yakubu
4. Mrs. Comfort Habila
5. Rev. Isa Tanko
6. Rtd. C.S.C. Adamu Shamaki

Zangon-Kataf Local Government Area
Atyap
1. Bulus Yayit
2. Deacon Simon CB Saddih (Magajin Rafi Atyap)
3. Joseph Timbuwak (Sarkin Samari Atyap)
4. Martina Ignatius
5. Rev. Jonathan Nkom
6. ACP. Juri B. Ayok (rtd)

Bajju
1. Air Comdr Emmanuel Jakada
2. Chief Jospeh Jatau
3. Comrade Gad Ezekiel
4. Mrs. Naomi Ambut
5. Pastor Sharia Chawai
6. Dr. Solomon Yabaya

Fulani
1. Alh. Shu'aibu Mogauri
2. Ardo Rabo (Wakilin Fulbe)
3. Mal. Suleiman Abdullahi
4. Haj. Sa'ad Dawobe
5. Mal. Muhammed Abubakar
6. Ardo Ruguni Pate

Hausa
1. Mallam Nuhu Yusuf
2. Alh. Lawal ATK
3. Gambo Matsirga
4. Aisha Saleiman
5. Mallam Adamu Jibrin
6. Abdullahi Jibrin

Ikulu
1. Shamaki Dodo
2. Mal. Yohanna Barde
3. Dauda Yohanna
4. Asabaru Yaro
5. Rev. Fr. Andrew Dodo
6. Moses C. John

Kamantan
1. Markus Farngan
2. Michael Ballason
3. Micah Audu
4. Caroline B. Usman
5. Bishop Joshua I. Banai
6. Barr. Jacob A. Madaki
Third parties
Signed by the Following Witnesses:
HD Advisors
Alice Wairimu Nderitu, Senior Advisor and Lead Mediator
Dr. Yakubu Sankey
Khadijah Hawaja Gambo
Baba Bala Muhammad
Joseph Tanko Atang
Salihu Musa Umar
Dr. Lydia Umar

State/Local Government and Security Agency
Nasir Ahmed El-Rufai, Governor, Kaduna State
Rt. Hon. Simon Lalong, Governor, Plateau State
[Unintelligible] - Catholic Bishop, Kapanchan
[Unintelligible] - Jama'atu Nasril Islam
[Unintelligible] - Ambassdor, Norway to Nigeria
Eoghan McSwiney - Deputy Head of Mission, Ireland
Amina Dyeris Sijunde - Atorney General, Kaduna State

Kaduna HD Women's Steering Committee Members:
Sanga LGA
Comfort Habila (Chairperson)
Catherine Chukwu
Patuma Haruna
Hassana Usman
Jummai Danladi

Jema'a LGA
Monica A. Tete (Chairperson)
Haj. Maimuna Abdullahi
Hadiza Umar
Esther M. Adamu
Grace Joel

Kaura LGA
Mary Julius (Chairperson)
Maryam Sa'adu
Angelina I. Boye
Kande Ishaya
Zainab Adamu

Kachia LGA
Christina Joseph (Chairperson)
Victoria Anthony
Karimatu Anthony
Hauwa Kadarko
Bilkisu Baku

Zangon-Kataf LGA
[Unintelligible] Yaro (Chairperson)
Elizabeth Olaniran
Blessing Goje
Rebecca H. Akut
Haj. Zainab Ibrahim
Bukola Ajao
Amina Kazaure
Badiyya Sa'eed
Lovina Dasat
Deborah Ishaya

Description
Agreements dealing with inter-communal clashes over cattle, and use of small arms.

Agreement document
NG_160316_Kafanchan Peace Declaration between Grazers and Farmers.pdf []

Local agreement properties

Process type
Formal structured process
Explain rationale
This farmer grazer declaration is part of an ongoing process addressing issues raised by a multi-ethnic farmer grazer conflict across multiple communities in five Local Government Areas in Southern Kaduna. It follows a series of similar inter-communal conflict and ethnic identity resolution dialogues across the country in a similar period and is part of another agreement for the same set of areas made on the same day. It is supported, mediated and facilitated by international conflict resolution experts and the HD Centre. The signing is also supported by State level officials as witnesses and they are also referenced in the agreement as having taken part in the dialogues and the government is quoted as pledging its support in the main peace declaration for southern kaduna.
Is there a documented link to a national peace process?
No
Link to national process: articulated rationale
n/a
Name of Locale
Kaduna
Nature Of Locale
Region
GPS Lat/Long (DD)
10.513828, 7.419001
Participant type
Local community/civilian group(s)/civil society organisations
Mediator, facilitator or similar
Mediator or similar referred to
Mediator (references)
The agreement text refers directly to a Mediator and set of supporting Advisors of the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD) in the signatories section. While the agreement between farmers and grazers does not mention the centre in its preamble, the connected Kafachan Peace Declaration, The Southern Kaduna State Inter-communal Dialogue refers to the centre bringing societal leaders together.

Page 10 of Signatures, SIGNED BY THE FOLLOWING WITNESSES:
HD ADVISERS:

Alice Wairimu Nderitu
SENIOR ADVISER & LEAD MEDIATOR

Dr. Yakubu Sankey

Khadijah Hawaja Gambo

Baba Bala Muhammad

Joseph Tanko Atang

Salihu Musa Umar

Dr. Lydia Umar
Type of mediator/facilitator/similar
International or transnational actor

Local agreement issues

Ritual/prayer and process (including use of scripture)
No specific mention.
Grievance List
Page 12, PREAMBLE, Southern Kaduna is characterised by frequent clashes between farmers and grazers over grazing areas. Both farmers and grazers exacerbate the problem; grazers in protecting and defending their livestock and farmers in defending their crops. It is a problem compounded by the availability of small arms. Nomadic movements require cooperative arrangements with sedentary mainly farmer communities which in many cases does not happen. Risks of violent conflict increase during the dry season where lack of provision for pastoralist needs for pasture and water lead to invasions on farmland. We, the parties to this Declaration outline the following as the causes of violence;
i. Laxity of the cow herders.
ii. Cattle rustling.
iii. Growing number of herds.
iv. Shortage of pasture available for the grazing of cows.
v. Shortage of farmland.
vi. Reprisal attacks by both farmers and grazers.
vii. Lack of accountability for herders responsible for damage.
viii. Over population.
ix. Porous borders that allow for free entry of cattle across national borders.
x. Criminal networks operating across borders.
xi. Proliferation of small arms, including automatic and semi-automatic weapons.
xii. Inadequate policing and state security policies that have increased the
insecurity and the tendency towards self- defence and retaliation.
xiii. Creation of vigilante groups in response to security problems.
xiv. Inadequate land tenure policies that have tended towards nomadic communities relying on communal grazing rights.
xv. Clash of traditional models of governance that include access to water and pasture with statute law.
xvi. Growing desertification caused by climate change.
xvii. Encroachment on grazing reserves.
xviii. Displacement of communities.
xix. Fears and mistrust between farmers and grazers.
xx. The use of underage grazers.
xxi. The lack of or use of non-use of modernized grazing systems.
Cattle rustling/banditry
Page 12, We, the parties to this Declaration outline the following as the causes of violence; ... ii. Cattle rustling.

Page 16, Mandate of the Committee, ... b. Cooperate and collaborate in tracking and recovering stolen livestock.
Social cover
No specific mention.

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